Example 1  Evaluate each of the following integrals.

(a)    [Solution]

(b)    [Solution]

(c)    [Solution]

Solution

(a)  

This first integral has two terms in it and both will require the same substitution.  This means that we won’t have to do anything special to the integral.  One of the more common “mistakes” here is to break the integral up and do a separate substitution on each part.  This isn’t really mistake but will definitely increase the amount of work we’ll need to do.  So, since both terms in the integral use the same substitution we’ll just do everything as a single integral using the following substitution.

The integral is then,

Often a substitution can be used multiple times in an integral so don’t get excited about that if it happens.  Also note that since there was a  in front of the whole integral there must also be a  in front of the answer from the integral.

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(b)  

This integral is similar to the previous one, but it might not look like it at first glance.  Here is the substitution for this problem,

We’ll plug the substitution into the problem twice (since there are two cosines) and will only work because there is a sine multiplying everything.  Without that sine in front we would not be able to use this substitution.

The integral in this case is,

Again, be careful with the minus sign in front of the whole integral.

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(c)  

It should be fairly clear that each term in this integral will use the same substitution, but let’s rewrite things a little to make things really clear.

Since each term had an x in it and we’ll need that for the differential we factored that out of both terms to get it into the front.  This integral is now very similar to the previous one.  Here’s the substitution.

The integral is,

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Example 2  Evaluate each of the following integrals.

(a)    [Solution]

(b)    [Solution]

Solution

(a)  

In this integral the first term does not need any substitution while the second term does need a substitution.  So, to deal with that we’ll need to split the integral up as follows,

The substitution for the second integral is then,

The integral is,

Be careful with this kind of integral.  One of the more common mistakes here is do the following “shortcut”.

In other words, some students will try do the substitution just the second term without breaking up the integral.  There are two issues with this.  First, there is a “-” in front of the whole integral that shouldn’t be there.  It should only be on the second term because that is the term getting the substitution.  Secondly, and probably more importantly, there are x’s in the integral and we have a du for the differential.  We can’t mix variables like this.  When we do integrals all the variables in the integrand must match the variable in the differential.

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(b)  

This integral looks very similar to Example 1c above, but it is different.  In this integral we no longer have the x in the numerator of the second term and that means that the substitution we’ll use for the first term will no longer work for the second term.  In fact, the second term doesn’t need a substitution at all since it is just an inverse tangent.

The substitution for the first term is then,

Now let’s do the integral.  Remember to first break it up into two terms before using the substitution.

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Example 3  Evaluate each of the following integrals.

(a)    [Solution]

(b)    [Solution]

(c)    [Solution]

Solution

(a)  

In this integral, unlike any integrals that we’ve yet done, there are two terms and each will require a different substitution.  So, to do this integral we’ll first need to split up the integral as follows,

Here are the substitutions for each integral.

Notice that we used different letters for each substitution to avoid confusion when we go to plug back in for u and v.

Here is the integral.

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(b)  

 As with the last problem this integral will require two separate substitutions.  Let’s first break up the integral.

Here are the substitutions for this integral.

The integral is then,

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(c)  

The last problem in this set can be tricky.  If there was just an x in the numerator we could do a quick substitution to get a natural logarithm.  Likewise if there wasn’t an x in the numerator we would get an inverse tangent after a quick substitution.

To get this integral into a form that we can work with we will first need to break it up as follows.

We now have two integrals each requiring a different substitution.  The substitutions for each of the integrals above are,

The integral is then,

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Example 4  Evaluate each of the following integrals.

(a)    [Solution]

(b)    [Solution]

(c)    [Solution]

(d)    [Solution]

(e)    [Solution]

Solution

(a)  

The first question about this problem is probably why is it here?  Substitution rule problems generally require more than a single function.  The key to this problem is to realize that there really are two functions here.  All we need to do is remember the definition of tangent and we can write the integral as,

Written in this way we can see that the following substitution will work for us,

The integral is then,

Now, while this is a perfectly serviceable answer that minus sign in front is liable to cause problems if we aren’t careful.  So, let’s rewrite things a little.  Recalling a property of logarithms we can move the minus sign in front to an exponent on the cosine and then do a little simplification.

This is the formula that is typically given for the integral of tangent.

Note that we could integrate cotangent in a similar manner.

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(b)  

This problem also at first appears to not belong in the substitution rule problems.  This is even more of a problem upon noticing that we can’t just use the definition of the secant function to write this in a form that will allow the use of the substitution rule.

This problem is going to require a technique that isn’t used terribly often at this level, but is a useful technique to be aware of.  Sometimes we can make an integral doable by multiplying the top and bottom by a common term.  This will not always work and even when it does it is not always clear what we should multiply by but when it works it is very useful.

Here is how we’ll use this idea for this problem.

First, we will think of the secant as a fraction and then multiply the top and bottom of the fraction by the same term.  It is probably not clear why one would want to do this here but doing this will actually allow us to use the substitution rule.  To see how this will work let’s simplify the integrand somewhat.

We can now use the following substitution.

The integral is then,

Sometimes multiplying the top and bottom of a fraction by a carefully chosen term will allow us to work a problem.  It does however take some thought sometimes to determine just what the term should be.

We can use a similar process for integrating cosecant.

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(c)  

This next problem has a subtlety to it that can get us in trouble if we aren’t paying attention.  Because of the root in the cosine it makes some sense to use the following substitution.

This is where we need to be careful.  Upon rewriting the differential we get,

The root that is in the denominator w