Now, since we are integrating over a portion of a sphere it makes sense to use spherical coordinate for the integral.

The limits for \(\rho \) and \(\theta \) should be pretty clear as those just correspond to the radius of the sphere and to how much of the sphere we get by rotating about the \(z\)-axis.

The limits for \(\varphi \) however aren’t explicitly given in any way but we can get them from the equation of the cone. First, we know that, in terms of cylindrical coordinates, \(\sqrt {{x^2} + {y^2}} = r\) and we know that, in terms of spherical coordinates, \(r = \rho \sin \varphi \). Therefore, if we convert the equation of the cone into spherical coordinates we get,

\[\rho \cos \varphi = - \sqrt 3 \rho \sin \varphi \hspace{0.25in} \to \hspace{0.25in} \tan \varphi = - \frac{1}{{\sqrt 3 }} \hspace{0.25in} \to \hspace{0.25in} \varphi = \frac{{5\pi }}{6}\]

So, the equation of the cone is given by \(\varphi = \frac{{5\pi }}{6}\) in terms of spherical coordinates. Because the region we are working on is below the cone we know that \(\varphi \) must therefore range from \(\frac{{5\pi }}{6}\) to \(\pi \).

The limits are then,

\[\begin{array}{c}\displaystyle \frac{{5\pi }}{6} \le \varphi \le \pi \\ 0 \le \theta \le 2\pi \\ 0 \le \rho \le 6\end{array}\] Show Step 3

Plugging these limits into the integral and converting to spherical coordinates gives,

\[\begin{align*}\iiint\limits_{E}{{{x^2}\,dV}} = \int_{{\frac{{5\pi }}{6}}}^{\pi }{{\int_{0}^{{2\pi }}{{\int_{0}^{6}{{{{\left( {\rho \sin \varphi \cos \theta } \right)}^2}\left( {{\rho ^2}\sin \varphi } \right)\,d\rho }}\,d\theta }}\,d\varphi }}\\ & = \int_{{\frac{{5\pi }}{6}}}^{\pi }{{\int_{0}^{{2\pi }}{{\int_{0}^{6}{{{\rho ^4}{{\sin }^3}\varphi {{\cos }^2}\theta \,d\rho }}\,d\theta }}\,d\varphi }}\end{align*}\]

Don’t forget to convert the \(z\) into spherical coordinates and also don’t forget that \(dV = {\rho ^2}\sin \varphi \,d\rho \,d\theta \,d\varphi \) and so we’ll pick up a couple of extra terms when converting the \(dV\) to spherical coordinates.

Show Step 4

Okay, now all we need to do is evaluate the integral. Here is the \(\rho \) integration.

\[\begin{align*}\iiint\limits_{E}{{{x^2}\,dV}} & = \int_{{\frac{{5\pi }}{6}}}^{\pi }{{\int_{0}^{{2\pi }}{{\left. {\left( {\frac{1}{5}{\rho ^5}{{\sin }^3}\varphi {{\cos }^2}\theta } \right)} \right|_0^6\,d\theta }}\,d\varphi }}\\ & = \int_{{\frac{{5\pi }}{6}}}^{\pi }{{\int_{0}^{{2\pi }}{{\frac{{7776}}{5}{{\sin }^3}\varphi {{\cos }^2}\theta \,d\theta }}\,d\varphi }}\end{align*}\] Show Step 5

Next let’s do the \(\theta \) integration.

\[\begin{align*}\iiint\limits_{E}{{{x^2}\,dV}} & = \int_{{\frac{{5\pi }}{6}}}^{\pi }{{\int_{0}^{{2\pi }}{{\frac{{7776}}{5}{{\sin }^3}\varphi \left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)\left( {1 + \cos \left( {2\theta } \right)} \right)\,d\theta }}\,d\varphi }}\\ & = \int_{{\frac{{5\pi }}{6}}}^{\pi }{{\left. {\left( {\frac{{3888}}{5}{{\sin }^3}\varphi \left( {\theta + \frac{1}{2}\sin \left( {2\theta } \right)} \right)} \right)} \right|_0^{2\pi }\,d\varphi }}\\ & = \int_{{\frac{{5\pi }}{6}}}^{\pi }{{\frac{{7776}}{5}\pi {{\sin }^3}\varphi \,d\varphi }}\end{align*}\] Show Step 6

Finally, we’ll do the \(\varphi \) integration.

\[\begin{align*}\iiint\limits_{E}{{{x^2}\,dV}} & = \int_{{\frac{{5\pi }}{6}}}^{\pi }{{\frac{{7776}}{5}\pi {{\sin }^2}\varphi \sin \varphi \,d\varphi }}\\ & = \int_{{\frac{{5\pi }}{6}}}^{\pi }{{\frac{{7776}}{5}\pi \left( {1 - {{\cos }^2}\varphi } \right)\sin \varphi \,d\varphi }}\\ & = \left. {\left( {\, - \frac{{7776}}{5}\pi \left( {\cos \varphi - \frac{1}{3}{{\cos }^3}\varphi } \right)\,} \right)} \right|_{\frac{{5\pi }}{6}}^\pi = \require{bbox} \bbox[2pt,border:1px solid black]{{\frac{{7776}}{5}\pi \left( {\frac{2}{3} - \frac{{3\sqrt 3 }}{8}} \right) = 83.7799}}\end{align*}\]

You do recall how to do the kinds of trig integrals we did in the last two steps don’t you? If not you should head back and review some of the Calculus II material as these will be showing up on occasion.

Not that, in this case, because the limits of each of the integrals were all constants we could have done the integration in any order we wanted to.