Section 13.5 : Differentials
This is a very short section and is here simply to acknowledge that just like we had differentials for functions of one variable we also have them for functions of more than one variable. Also, as we’ve already seen in previous sections, when we move up to more than one variable things work pretty much the same, but there are some small differences.
Given the function \(z = f\left( {x,y} \right)\) the differential \(dz\) or \(df\) is given by,
\[dz = {f_x}\,dx + {f_y}\,dy\hspace{0.5in}{\mbox{or}}\hspace{0.5in}df = {f_x}\,dx + {f_y}\,dy\]There is a natural extension to functions of three or more variables. For instance, given the function \(w = g\left( {x,y,z} \right)\) the differential is given by,
\[dw = {g_x}\,dx + {g_y}\,dy + {g_z}\,dz\]Let’s do a couple of quick examples.
- \(z = {{\bf{e}}^{{x^2} + {y^2}}}\tan \left( {2x} \right)\)
- \(\displaystyle u = \frac{{{t^3}{r^6}}}{{{s^2}}}\)
There really isn’t a whole lot to these outside of some quick differentiation. Here is the differential for the function.
\[dz = \left( {2x{{\bf{e}}^{{x^2} + {y^2}}}\tan \left( {2x} \right) + 2{{\bf{e}}^{{x^2} + {y^2}}}{{\sec }^2}\left( {2x} \right)} \right)dx + 2y{{\bf{e}}^{{x^2} + {y^2}}}\tan \left( {2x} \right)dy\]b \(\displaystyle u = \frac{{{t^3}{r^6}}}{{{s^2}}}\) Show Solution
Here is the differential for this function.
\[du = \frac{{3{t^2}{r^6}}}{{{s^2}}}dt + \frac{{6{t^3}{r^5}}}{{{s^2}}}dr - \frac{{2{t^3}{r^6}}}{{{s^3}}}ds\]Note that sometimes these differentials are called the total differentials.